فصلنامه شیعه شناسی
پیاپی 20 (زمستان 1386)

Since the American military proceeding against Iraq in 19 March 2003 and the collapse of Saddam Husayn's Government, the Iraqi Shias undertook the main power in political-security events of the country. This event along with the 33 days fighting of Hizb ul-llah and Israel (2006), which caused Hizb ul-llah to change to an important and influential player in the region, resulted in strength of Iran's role and influence in the developments of Middle East region as an important security-regional subsystem. This process brings about the Sunni conservative political-security elite to state worriment about the increase of Shia power and influence, especially Iran, and the emergence of an influential 'Shii Crescent' in the region. But it seems that there are latent purposes and policies behind the threat of 'Shii Crescent'.

Al-Ghadir is the identity document for the Shia; al-Ghadir is the birthplace of faith, the base of the good-thinkers, the station of good-doers, the hope-point of right-seekers and the rendezvous of the lovers of guardianship (wilaya). By omission of the glorious saga of al-Ghadir from the lives of Muslims, there occurred a terrible distortion in the history and emerged a deep diversion in the Mulim's thoughts and behaviors.Thus the standard-bearer of the saga, during his life, always recalled it and tried and used all his chances to wake up the asleep and to resuscitate the ignorant. Other heirs of al-Ghadir from the family of the Prophet (peace be upon them) also insisted this 'Alid way and apparently stated the realities of that heavenly saga for the people of their times; and this short writing is a consequence of their attempts in this very important arena.

The Fadak event and the deprivation of the Ahl ul-Bayt (peace be upon them) must be examined from various perspectives. One aspect is the semi-hadith 'we the group of prophets do not inheritance' that is offered by the confiscators of Fadak in order to authorize this enterprise. But how is this hadith's authority (sanad)? What is its situation from the viewpoint of hadith critique measures and distinguishing the authentic hadiths? Are there some evidences for or against it?Used library manner and depended on Sunni sources, the present article critically examines the content of the hadith in order to show that there are many evidences that prove its inauthenticity and it must be counted as a counterfeit hadith. The writer hopes that he would be successful in this course.

At first this article answers to the question why the oldest Persian elegy in the 4th century A.H. allocated to Imam Husayn (peace be upon him), and spoke of the factors that caused any works from the time of the Master of the Martyrs (peace be upon him) not to be available for us; then it examines the Shia difficulties and the emergence of proper fields and political developments of the Shiites in this century. It results that the oldest Persian elegy for the martyrdom of Husayn b. 'Ali (p.b.u.h) was that of Kasai Marwazi (4th century A.H).At the second part, it mentions the poems of the poets from the beginning until now so that the first Husayni poets were Kasai Marwazi (4th century A.H), Naser Khusraw, Kawami, Anwari, Zahir, as well as more than 72 poets to the end of 13th century that composed some poems at the threnody of Abi Abd il-llah (p.b.u.h.) and the effects of 'Ashura culture on their poems are well apparent.Growth, richness and florescence of Persian literature, at least in threnody part, are in debt of 'Ashura culture and this is sensible and apparent in the poems.

The present writing which undertakes the examination of the origin of Shia rise and its difference with other denominations, includes the following titles: the meaning of the word Shia (literally and in technical terminology) and the Prophetic traditions (peace be upon him), the beginning of Shia appearance (that some stated that it emerged at the time of the Prophet (peace be upon him) and in contrast, others stated that it appeared after him), the causes of Islamic denomination's emergence such as tribal prejudice and racism, westward trends, misunderstanding the teachings of the Holy Quran and the traditions, preventing the writing of the hadiths of the Prophet, the presence of Jewish scholars and Christian monks, encounter with strange cultures and reasoning in spite of presence of religious texts(idjtihad dar barabr nass). In addition, some kalami beliefs and the time of the emergence of Imami kalam are examined. In conclusion, the results of the research and its sources are mentioned.

There are prominent characters among the Shia scholars that had important effect on the resurgence and transmitting the knowledge of the Household of the Prophet (peace be upon them) to the late generations; Shaykh Saduk, from amongst, possesses especial characteristics.About three hundred compilations were attributed to him, but unfortunately, today just more than twenty titles of these works are available. One of his most important works is Maani al-Akhbar in which he mentioned traditions on interpreting the meaning of letters and words.The reason for the significance of the book Maani al-Akhbat is that it serves as a dictionary in understanding the meaning of words and notes of the Infallible's traditions. Shaykh Saduk used some especial methods in writing this book including his acknowledgement to asking the meaning of some traditions from his masters, explaining the place and time of taking the hadith, attributing to the linguists opinions, kalami demonstrations, elimination the doubts from some sermons of Nahdj al-Balagha etc.

Although prevision of the future had been a characteristic of human beings during the history and many religions and thinkers propound it, a realistic and rational view to the end of human history and interpreting and analyzing the quality of ending the history still is the target of analysis and critique. Islam, amongst the religions, by propounding its unambiguous and argued idea about the end of human history, has been, at least in a period of it, perfectly successful. Belief in Mahdawiyya in Sha world, propounded the future of mankind in a reasonable, beautiful and hopeful shape. The philosophers propping on rational principles and philosophical arguments also propounded this topic.Despite of his little information about Islamic beliefs in this field, Hegel is one of the philosophers that widely contrived this topic on the basis of his philosophical categories like phenomenology of spirit, freedom and self-inauguration of the soul in the history, dialectics and rationality of history, and intended to find a rational answer to this question. By a synoptic review of the principles of Hegel's philosophical thought, this writing examined this subject from his viewpoint.